Chapter 1: Understanding Existentialism

When considering existentialism, many people first think of literature, recalling works like Hermann Hesse’s Steppenwolf or Albert Camus’s The Stranger. Notable philosophers such as Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Fyodor Dostoevsky also contributed significantly to discussions about life’s meaning.

Existentialism encompasses a range of themes, including human experience, individual liberty, and the quest for meaning, but it primarily focuses on the concept of existence itself. Essentially, our existence holds the greatest significance, and it is through this lens that existentialism allows us to derive meaning from our lives.

An existentialist posits that the individual’s existence is paramount; we must take charge of our own lives instead of passively accepting our circumstances. This philosophy serves as a framework for understanding our identities and navigating the human experience, emphasizing the pursuit of authenticity.

Jean-Paul Sartre stands out as a prominent figure in 20th-century philosophy, authoring numerous texts that delve into the human experience, existence, and the inherent meaninglessness of life. His quest for life's significance led him to explore existentialism, where he argued that human existence lacks meaning without the presence of others. Sartre’s reflections challenge anyone who has felt isolated or marginalized.

His radical views inspired countless individuals to contemplate existence, purpose, and freedom. Sartre asserted, “Man is condemned to be free; because once thrown into the world, he is responsible for everything he does. It is up to you to give [life] a meaning.”

Although existentialism is often viewed as bleak, a deeper examination of Sartre’s teachings reveals a more nuanced perspective. His philosophy advocates for detachment, authenticity, and individualism. He famously stated, “Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself,” underscoring the importance of personal agency over societal expectations.

In Being and Nothingness, Sartre discusses the necessity of transcending societal limitations to truly exist. His ideas resonate with many, as society often pressures individuals to conform to roles that do not reflect their true selves. In Notebooks for Nothing, Sartre recounts his mother’s advice: “Live a life you don’t have to remember tomorrow.” This simple wisdom reinforces the notion that we alone control our lives; if we find ourselves in unsatisfactory situations, it is often because we have chosen to remain there.

Sartre’s assertion, “To be is to be seen,” highlights the complexities of existence. Our choices in response to this reality shape our identities and futures. “You are — your life, and nothing else,” he reminds us.

Chapter 2: The Essence of Existence

Sartre encapsulates his philosophy with the notion that “existence precedes essence.” He believed that one cannot comprehend essence until one has a solid grasp of existence itself. He explained, “What do we mean by saying that existence precedes essence? We mean that man first of all exists, encounters himself, surges up in the world — and defines himself afterwards.”

Understanding existence is foundational; without it, one cannot appreciate essence. For instance, consciousness is only meaningful if one is aware of it. Similarly, without a grasp of existence, one cannot comprehend essence.

To be human signifies that our existence is shaped by our environment, relationships, and choices. Our essence is not defined solely by biology but also by self-perception, external perceptions, and personal decisions. You are not merely a biological entity; you possess a mind and will, enabling you to influence your surroundings. Low self-esteem can adversely affect how you engage with the world.

Sartre argued against the notion of intrinsic human value outside of personal existence. He asserted that individuals must assume responsibility for their actions, as the pursuit of personal fulfillment is the only meaningful path in life. “We are our choices,” he stated.

Sartre recognized human flaws and emphasized that accepting them is crucial for true freedom. He noted, “Existence is an imperfection,” and underscored the significance of authenticity. There are no absolute truths or definitive answers to life’s profound questions; discovering meaning and purpose is a personal responsibility.

His philosophy encourages individuals to forge their own meaning and purpose, rather than adhere to prescriptive norms. “Everything has been figured out, except how to live,” he said. The freedom to create your own meaning lies within you.

Explore how existential philosophy offers insights into finding yourself and living the life you desire.

Discover five valuable lessons learned from existentialism that can enrich your life.